In Quaestiones naturales 4b.4.2 Seneca states that in early spring the weather drastically changes: in the warmer sky larger water droplets are formed and cause rain. The description of this ‘greater change’ is linked in the manuscript tradition to two different controversial readings, temporis and aeris, which are irregularly distributed. Most recent editors have printed the first reading, but H.M. Hine is probably right to accept aeris. A careful linguistic, stemmatic and stylistic examination shows that temporis is likely to be (...) a Medieval Latin gloss of aeris: the equivalence of both words would be difficult to justify in Classical Latin, but in Late Latin and in Medieval Latin tempus developed a climatological meaning which is explicitly found in medieval writers and glossaries and is also very widespread in Romance languages. The presence of this gloss in the hyparchetype Ψ, which is ultimately the source for most medieval copies, accounts for the irregular distribution of both readings in the manuscript tradition; this hypothesis is particularly consistent with Hine's suggestion that Ψ probably had interlinear or marginal readings. This historical investigation on the meaning of tempus is also relevant to the end of the same passage, where stylistic and linguistic evidence supports the reading tepore rather than tempore. (shrink)

This paper argues that at Cicero, De re publica 6.17 the manuscript text unum globum should be kept instead of the conjecture summum globum. This conjecture is unanimously attributed to Fr. Boll (1910), but it was proposed already in 1790 by G. W. Maier. The use of unus in this context, in which the set of harmonic spheres of our cosmos is described, can be explained as an alternative to primus when referring to the first element of a sequence; further (...) instances in Cicero’s works support this interpretation. (shrink)

La siguiente reseña explora el libro más reciente del historiador Tomás Pérez Vejo, el cual se adentra en un relato de nación construido a partir de los acervos pictóricos. El imaginario visual que se construye desde las exposiciones y críticas de pintura marca un ciclo crístico de nacimientos, tormentos, liberaciones y resurrecciones, cuyo interés primordial es su poderosa impronta en la historia oficial nacional y en cómo esta permea aún el presente.

The aim of this article is to present the origins of the marxian criticism of politics. Finding its place between the years of 1842 and 1843, this criticism emerges from within a review of the hegelian philosophy and takes is first form as a philosophical criticism of politics. The criticism of politics developed by Marx was, thus, rigorously a philosophical undertaking, yet of a philosophy that took the world as its object and flowed outwardly, manifesting itself externally as a criticism (...) of the society of that time and a negation of the existing politics.O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar as origens da crítica marxiana da política. Encontrando seu lugar entre os anos de 1842 e 1843 essa crítica nasce no interior de uma revisão da filosofia hegeliana e assume uma primeira forma como crítica filosófica da política. A crítica da política desenvolvida por Marx era, assim, rigorosamente, um empreendimento filosófico, mas de uma filosofia que assumia o mundo como seu objeto e se vertia para fora de si própria manifestando-se externamente como uma crítica da sociedade da época e como uma negação da política existente. (shrink)

The COVID-19 crisis, and its ensuing periods of confinement, has generated high levels of social stress on a global scale. In Spain, citizens were isolated in their homes and were not able to interact physically with family members, friends or co-workers. Different resources were employed to face this new stressful and unexpected situation (fitness, reading, painting, meditation, mindfulness, dancing, listening to music, playing instruments, cooking, etc.). Humor was one of the most frequent and widely used strategies in an attempt to (...) keep perspective, deal with the seriousness of the situation and make the day-to-day more bearable. Humor is cultural: it varies from one country to the next and is part of the idiosyncrasies of a culture. It is deemed a particularly important feature of the Spanish personality. During the COVID-19 crisis, the main means or channels of communication were social networks. Throughout the confinement period, there was an excessive flow of humorous memes concerning Coronavirus and related shared experiences during the National State of Emergency decreed by the Spanish Government. The memes draw on irony, ingenuity and creativity to make a difficult and stressful experience more bearable. In this paper, a qualitative methodology based on ethnography research is used and ethnographic fieldwork is carried out on the memes disseminated through WhatsApp during the lockdown period experienced in Spain (14 March to 21 June 2020). The memes are considered to be an example of Netlore, digital contemporary folklore, and a theoretical framework on memes and humor is presented that discusses its different functions in order to channel grief, fear and suffering or to play down specific situations. A corpus of 644 memes that have flooded social networks are categorized and analyzed to witness how the Spanish have managed to bring out their humorous and creative side in difficult times even as they have criticized political decisions, let out their frustrations, described their new “normal” lives, interacted with others and anticipated the future. (shrink)

The Leslie matrix model (Leslie, 1945) for discrete population growth has been modified and used several times in population dynamics. A review is given of the basic model (n t + 1 = An t) and of its principal modifications. The modifications relating to the influences of internal or external factors to the population are studied with greater detail. The same applies to models where the population is divided in stages rather than in age classes.In the same line, Hadjibiros (1975, (...) 1976) studied a more general model, where the transition matrix corresponds to a population divided in stages of unequal duration, and where the time varying influences of the internal or external factors are included. This model offers the possibility of computer simulation of the population dynamics of a natural population represented by a demographic vector. (shrink)

¿Puede un alumnado acostumbrado a una enseñanza enciclopédica desarrollar su pensamiento histórico a través de la unidad didáctica del auge del nazismo? ¿Sigue siendo posible con un modelo de enseñanza telemática en pleno confinamiento? Mediante enfoques propios de la perspectiva múltiple se adoptó un diseño instruccional que abordase estas cuestiones. Aunque los resultados fueron humildes, presentan indicios sobre la capacidad del alumnado para modificar su comprensión histórica cuando no se ve limitado por las constricciones de su contexto.

We present an approach to database update as a form of non monotonic temporal reasoning, the main idea of which is the (circumscriptive) minimization of changes with respect to a set of facts declared persistent by default. The focus of the paper is on the relation between this approach and the update semantics recently proposed by Katsuno and Mendelzon. Our contribution in this regard is twofold: • We prove a representation theorem for KM semantics in terms of a restricted subfamily (...) of the operators defined by our construction. • We show how the KM semantics can be generalized by relaxing our construction in a number of ways, each justified in certain intuitive circumstances and each corresponding to one specific postulate. It follows that there are reasonable update operators outside the KM family. • Our approach is not dependent for its plausibility on this connection with KM semantics. Rather, it provides a relatively rich and flexible framework in which the frame and ramification problems can be solved in a systematic way by reasoning about default persistence of facts. (shrink)

Since Darwin, Biology has been framed on the idea of evolution by natural selection, which has profoundly influenced the scientific and philosophical comprehension of biological phenomena and of our place in Nature. This book argues that contemporary biology should progress towards and revolve around an even more fundamental idea, that of autonomy. Biological autonomy describes living organisms as organised systems, which are able to self-produce and self-maintain as integrated entities, to establish their own goals and norms, and to promote the (...) conditions of their existence through their interactions with the environment. Topics covered in this book include organisation and biological emergence, organisms, agency, levels of autonomy, cognition, and a look at the historical dimension of autonomy. The current development of scientific investigations on autonomous organisation calls for a theoretical and philosophical analysis. This can contribute to the elaboration of an original understanding of life - including human life - on Earth, opening new perspectives and enabling fecund interactions with other existing theories and approaches. This book takes up the challenge. (shrink)

According to the traditional nomological-deductive methodology of physics and chemistry [Hempel and Oppenheim, 1948], explaining a phenomenon means subsuming it under a law. Logic becomes then the glue of explanation and laws the primary explainers. Thus, the scientific study of a system would consist in the development of a logically sound model of it, once the relevant observables (state variables) are identified and the general laws governing their change (expressed as differential equations, state transition rules, maximization/minimization principles,. . . ) (...) are well determined, together with the initial or boundary conditions for each particular case. Often this also involves making a set of assumptions about the elementary components of the system (e.g., their structural and dynamic properties) and modes of local interaction. In this framework, predictability becomes the main goal and that is why research is carried out through the construction of accurate mathematical models. Thus, physics and chemistry have made most progress so far by focusing on systems that, either due to their intrinsic properties or to the conditions in which they are investigated, allow for very strong simplifying assumptions, under which, nevertheless, those highly idealized models of reality are deemed to be in good correspondence with reality itself. Despite the enormous success that this methodology has had, the study of living and cognitive phenomena had to follow a very different road, because these phenomena are produced by systems whose underlying material structure and organization do not permit such crude approximations. Seen from the perspective of physics or chemistry, biological and cognitive systems are made of an enormous number of parts or elements interacting in non-linear and selective ways, which makes very difficult their tractability through mathematical models. In addition, many of those interacting elements are hierarchically organized, in a way that the “macroscopic” (observable) parts behave according to rules that cannot be, in practice, derived from simple principles at the level of their “microscopic” dynamics.. (shrink)

O documento aqui transcrito é uma memória descritiva das povoações da antiga capitania de Porto Seguro. Depositado no Arquivo Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, o documento foi escrito pelo ouvidor interino João de Almeida Freire e é datado de 1817. Dentre as inúmeras informações contidas no manuscrito, destacam-se as narrativas, as imagens e as memórias formuladas sobre a presença e participação dos povos indígenas na história do atual extremo sul da Bahia.

The aim of this article is to analise the religion philosophy and its critic, based on Ludwig Feuerbach principles as one of the greatest exponents of modern atheism. It will start from some thinkers that could be considered as Ludwig predecessors, going through Feuerbachian considerations to finish with a valuation of those philosophers who have built a new critic philosophy of the religion and theology, relating some Feuerbach innovations in this fields with highly topical matters, proving the actual relevance of (...) his thinking despite the fact that it has been a century and a half since his death. (shrink)

En este artículo se pretende realizar un análisis del origen filosófico de uno de los puntos clave que cambiaron los cimientos de la metafísica moderna a partir de la aportación de la noción de filosofía de naturaleza de Schelling, que conlleva a abrir desde el idealismo alemán una concepción alternativa de las relaciones entre la finitud y el Absoluto a las llevadas a cabo por Fichte y Hegel. Su filosofía de la naturaleza inaugurará toda una corriente de pensamiento que incluirá (...) tanto gran parte de la filosofía de Spinoza como el discurrir estético del Sturm und Drang alemán. Posteriormente, y previa enorme reflexión del tótem ineludible de la filosofía crítica kantiana y ruptura con la fichteana, la importancia de su legado filosófico no hará más que crecer, ya que de la influencia sus escritos participarán, de manera más o menos explícita, pensadores como Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Freud o Heidegger, e incluso llegará hasta el siglo XXI de la mano de gran parte de los autores de la denominada época posmoderna, como Deleuze o Zizek entre otros. (shrink)

A inspiração positivista da revolução republicana de 1910 dificilmente se poderia harmonizar com os valores vigentes na sociedade portuguesa de então. Para compreender o seu êxito será necessário identificar as pontes esta-belecidade com orientações que lhe deveriam ser absolutamente estranhas, como era a do messianismo. A literatura da época, mormente a poesia de mais elevada inspiração, testemunha eloquentemente essa assimilação entre o ideal republicano e a esperança messiânica no advento de uma nova era redentora. Não menos significativa é, porém, a (...) construção teórica que, nesse mesmo sentido, foi elaborada por Sampaio Bruno. /// L'inspiration positiviste de la révolution républicaine de 1910 ne pourrait que difficilement s'harmoniser avec les valeurs régnant dans la société portugaise d'alors. Pour comprendre son succès il faudra reconnaître les ponts établis avec des orientations qui devraient lui être absolument étrangères, comme celle du messianisme. La littérature de l'époque, à savoir la poésie de la plus haute inspiration, est le témoin éloquent de cette assimilation entre l'idéal républicain et l'espérance messianique dans l'instauration d'une nouvelle ère rédemptrice. Non moins significative est cependant la construction théorique qui, en ce même sens, fut élaborée par Sampaio Bruno. /// The Republican revolution of 1910, inspired in positivism, was not harmony with the values which were dominant at that time in Portugal. In order to comprehend its success, one would have to establish its ties with themes that are quite foreign to positivism, like that of messianism. The literature of the epoch, especially in the poetry, bears witness to the assimilation of the republican ideal and the messianic hope in a new, redeeming era. In the context of this assimilation, Sampaio Bruno's theoretical construction can be seen as equally significant. (shrink)

The first form of the inside-outside dichotomy appears as a self-encapsulated system with an active border. These systems are based on two complementary but asymmetric processes: constructive and interactive. The former physically constitute the system as a recursive network of component production, defining an inside. The maintenance of the constructive processes implies that the internal organization also constrains certain flows of matter and energy across the border of the system, generating interactive processes. These interactive processes ensure the maintenance of the (...) constructive processes thus specifying a meaningful outside. Upon this basic form of identity formation, the evolutionary and historical domain is open for the emergence of a whole hierarchy and ecology of insides and outsides. These which mutually subsume and collaborate in the maintenance of the essential inside-outside dichotomy that defines the conditions of possibility of the subjects and the worlds they generate. (shrink)

The transition from chemistry to biology is an extremely complex issue because of the huge phenomenological differences between the two domains and because this transition has many different aspects and dimensions. In this paper, I will try to analyze how chemical systems have developed a cohesive, self-maintaining and functionally differentiated system that recruits its organization to stay far from equilibrium. This organization cannot exist but in an individualized form, and yet, it unfolds both a diachronic-historical and a synchronic collective dimension. (...) I will argue that, far from being a problem, these different dimensions of the phenomenon of life, appear as a consequence of the nature of this individualized organization. (shrink)

Nos proponemos analizar el pensamiento de Álvaro García Linera, uno de los intelectuales más interesantes en lengua española, y que mayor difusión está teniendo en los últimos tiempos. Para ello, tomaremos como punto de referencia cuatro de las ideas centrales dentro de la filosofía del boliviano: proyecto político, estado, hegemonía y dominación (analizando las dos últimas de manera conjunta). Comenzaremos exponiendo las influencias de García Linera, así como las peculiaridades de sus planteamientos, para centrarnos posteriormente en la etapa de su (...) producción intelectual más reciente, y acabar con una conclusión que mencionará también algunas de las críticas más importantes que se han vertido hacia el antiguo vicepresidente. (shrink)

En las últimas décadas los especialistas de la filosofía cartesiana se han enfocado en indagar si la naturaleza de la duda metódica que el meditador instaura en la primera de las Meditaciones debe ser considerada como una preocupación sistemáticamente rigurosa o si, por el contrario, corresponde a un artificio que cumple un valor instrumental dentro del planteamiento que propone el autor, con la esperanza de que la respuesta a esta pregunta logre esclarecer el proceso que guía a las Meditaciones. Tanto (...) quienes sostienen que la duda metódica es fingida como quienes piensan que, en algún sentido, debe ser considerada rigurosamente, recurren a una distinción conceptual advertida por el propio Descartes para validar sus respectivas lecturas, a saber: la distinción entre certeza metafísica y certeza moral. En el presente artículo se postula que la interpretación más apropiada es la que sostienen quienes consideran que la duda metódica guarda cierto nivel genuino de rigurosidad. Para justificar nuestra adhesión se evaluará el rendimiento explicativo de cada interpretación, tanto para el orden de desarrollo planteado en la primera meditación como para la aproximación a otros problemas filosóficos planteados en las Meditaciones. (shrink)

El llamado “argumento maestro” de Berkeley, por el cual demuestra su principio _esse est percipi_, ha recibido críticas mixtas por parte de los comentaristas: algunos defienden su validez desde sus propias interpretaciones y otros lo acusan de falaz con base en diversas objeciones. El presente artículo defiende al argumento maestro de tres objeciones por parte de Russell, Pitcher y Tipton, las cuales son referidas como _“objeción de la confusión entre el acto perceptivo y el objeto percibido”, “objeción de la confusión (...) entre el concepto del objeto y el objeto mismo” y “objeción del solipsismo del presente”_. El autor propone su propia lectura del argumento maestro para evitar malentendidos y sostiene que dicho argumento cobra su verdadero sentido a partir de los siguientes puntos: la aclaración de los conceptos berkeleyanos de _idea y percepción_; la explicitación de la_ intencionalidad_ de la percepción en el sentido de su _dirección intencional_ hacia objetos intencionales (ideas); y la distinción entre los _dos niveles de dirección intencional de la percepción mediata_ (de una idea _por medio_ de otra), a saber: uno dirigido al _concepto o representación mental como su objeto intencional inmediato_ y el otro dirigido al _objeto representado_ como su _objeto intencional mediato_. (shrink)

La condición “líquida” de la ciudad contemporánea, en la que asistimos a un eclipse de la experiencia individual y colectiva y a una pérdida de los marcos de referencia social, no es más que la instancia última de un proceso histórico de desposesión hegemónica de las formas de existencia autónomas de la multitud, operado mediante una revolución permanente del espacio-tiempo social. En dicho proceso la ordenación del territorio y la planificación urbana han jugado un papel protagonista. El presente artículo analiza (...) los motivos y dimensiones de esta dinámica en una perspectiva teórica, identifica su evolución histórica a través de una serie de casos y esboza el escenario de conflicto que se abre ante una multitud postfordista que quiera reapropiarse de manera autónoma del espacio-tiempo social y el territorio. (shrink)

Der englische Erkenntnis- und Wissenschaftstheoretiker William Whewell (1794-1866) geht davon aus, daß das Phänomen der Entdeckung, Entstehung, Formulierung, Verbesserung und Verwerfung wissenschaftlicher Theorien weder mit dem Instrumentarium des Empirismus noch mit dem des Rationalismus erklärbar ist. Mit der Annahme eines kritischen Realismus, im Anschluß an Kants theoretische Philosophie und manche Aspekte des kritischen Rationalismus von Popper vorwegnehmend, stellt Whewell erneut die Frage nach der Möglichkeit nicht-analytischer, allgemeiner und doch notwendig geltender Aussagen über die Welt auf. Whewell lehnt aber die Lösung (...) Kants einer transzendentalen Deduktion der Verstandesbegriffe ab und bietet eine moderne Antwort an, ohne die historizistischen Züge des Nachkantischen Idealismus anzunehmen. (shrink)

In this paper I respond to Marcus William Hunt’s argument that vegan parents have pro tanto reasons for not raising their children on a vegan diet because such a diet is potentially harmful to children’s physical and social well-being. In my rebuttal, first I show that in practice all vegan diets, with the exception of wacky diets, are beneficial to children’s well-being ; and that all animal-based diets are potentially unhealthful. Second, I show that vegan children are no more socially (...) outcast than any other group. In other words, veganism does not harm the lives of children. Having considered several studies, I show that the moral reasons that vegan parents may have for raising their children on a vegan diet significantly outweigh the reasons for raising their children on an animal-based diet. Thus, I conclude that parents have a moral obligation to raise their children on a vegan diet. (shrink)

Recent research in philosophy of science has shown that scientists rely on a plurality of strategies to develop successful explanations of different types of phenomena. In the case of biology, most of these strategies go far beyond the traditional and reductionistic models of scientific explanation that have proven so successful in the fundamental sciences. Concretely, in the last two decades, philosophers of science have discovered the existence of at least two different types of scientific explanation at work in the biological (...) sciences, namely: mechanistic and structural explanations. Despite the growing evidence about the radically different nature of these two types of explanation, no inquiry has been conducted to date to determine the ontological reasons that might underlie these differences, nor the way in which these types of explanations can be systematically related with each other. Here, we aim to cover this gap by connecting this plurality of research strategies with the existence of emergent levels of reality. We argue that the existence of these different—and apparently incompatible—explanatory strategies to account for biological phenomena derives from the existence of “ontological jumps” in nature, which generate different regimes of causation that in turn demand the development of different explanatory frameworks. We identify two of these strategies—mechanistic modelling and network modelling—and connect them to the existence of two ontological regimes of causation. Finally, we relate them with each other in a systematic way. In this vein, our paper provides an ontological justification for the plurality of explanatory strategies that we see in the life sciences. (shrink)

Automatic public malware analysis services provide controlled, isolated and virtual environments to analyse malicious software samples. Unfortunately, malware is currently incorporating techniques to recognize execution onto a virtual or sandbox environment; when an analysis environment is detected, malware behaves as a benign application or even shows no activity. In this work, we present an empirical study and characterization of automatic PMAS, considering 26 different services. We also show a set of features that allow to easily fingerprint these services as analysis (...) environments; the lower the unlikeability of these features, the easier for us to fingerprint the analysis service they belong to. Finally, we propose a method for these analysis services to counter or at least mitigate our proposal. (shrink)

el presente artículo pretende ofrecer una breve perspectiva inicial del problema que abre nuestra investigación doctoral acerca de la traducción del silencio. Mediante un enfoque interdisciplinario (con un núcleo filosófico-traductológico), llevaremos a cabo una revisión en torno a la s??a??? (sinapsis) estudiada por Giuseppina Grammatico en su exégesis denominada La s??a??? silencio-palabra en Heráclito (1999a), tomando, asimismo, en consideración diversos textos de la autora en relación con el silencio (1999b; 1999d; 1999c; 2007; 2008). En consecuencia, observamos, en su análisis, una (...) potencial unión entre el silencio y la palabra, en la que se daría un proceso de traducción en el logos (Salazar, 2019). Esto hace surgir nuestra problemática, ya que Grammatico pareciera intuir la existencia de dicho proceso traductológico que conllevaría diversos procesos de traducción. (shrink)

Ethical veganism is the view that raising animals for food is an immoral practice that must be stopped because of the harm it causes to the animals, the environment, and our health. Carlo Alvaro argues the only way to stop that harm is to acquire the virtues that enable us to act justly and benevolently toward animals.

To build a relationship between Tax Administration and taxpayers based on trust, law science must provide the necessary information related to policies or institutions but also inform taxpayers about their rights and obligations. This information must be known but, above all, understood.The objective is to introduce a paradigm shift in the way legal studies are approached through Legal Design thinking techniques. Specifically, starting from the need for the jurist to study the law, collaborating with other disciplines to design mechanisms that (...) allow the communication of complex information that helps both the understanding of the law and decision-making process. (shrink)

Firstly we consider the new results about enzymatic capabilities in the RNA. In this framework we analyse the sequence-folding duality as a precursor of the genotype/phenotype duality. We discuss then which are the evolutive potentialities and limitations for a system with the absence and the presence of a nucleic acid to proteins translator code. We study the arise of the code in the living systems as a form of deep interlooking between the logic of the machinery and its hardware, discussing (...) some problems that abstract modelization of this process implies. Finaly we propose to redefine the informational vocabulary usually employed in Molecular Biology. (shrink)

Este artículo versa sobre el problema de la técnica en Henri Bergson, particularmente en su libro Las dos fuentes de la moral y de la religión, de 1932. En una primera sección del artículo ofrezco una perspectiva histórica del problema de la técnica en la obra del Bergson maduro, desde su génesis hasta su desarrollo, y de ahí a su posterior culminación, en 1932. En la segunda sección propongo una interpretación del problema como tal. Esta primera sección histórica contiene tres (...) pasos evolutivos. Parte del las consideraciones del autor sobre la inteligencia y sus relaciones con la técnica o capacidad de invención en La evolución creadora, de 1907. Aquí se da cuenta de una noción optimista de la técnica. En un segundo episodio, muestro la subsiguiente visión de Bergson de la técnica como amenaza para la humanidad que se puede encontrar en sus discursos anti-alemanes durante la Primera Guerra Mundial. A continuación, esta investigación pondera el contexto de 1932, año de publicación del ensayó en cuestión. En ese libro, la técnica no sólo va ligada a la amenaza de una guerra técnica sino también a la amenaza de una decadencia espiritual. La segunda sección tiene un propósito doctrinal, exclusivamente en relación a Las dos fuentes. La tesis es que si, como dice el mismo título, la moral y la religión tienen dos fuentes en Bergson, una biológica y otra espiritual, también la técnica tiene dos fuentes. La técnica es una suerte de tercera vía en un ensayo en el que se contrapone biología y espíritu. Las dos fuentes de la técnica dejan de lado la biología. Son, según mi interpretación, la inteligencia y el espíritu. En primer lugar, sostengo que aunque en el ensayo hay una visión negativa de la inteligencia, se puede encontrar otra positiva, según la cual la inteligencia es una de las dos fuentes del espíritu de invención y de la técnica. Además, en segundo lugar, muestro que la segunda fuente de la técnica es el espíritu o alma abierta. La técnica es potencialmente un agente de progreso, como el cristianismo o la democracia. Por último, en este artículo considero la peculiar filosofía del progreso en Bergson y su relación con nuestro problema. (shrink)